ARFID also adversely affects psychosocial functioning. Consuming less nutrients than the body requires can lead to severe cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, and endocrine changes. Malnutrition from a restricted diet can, for instance, lead to serious vitamin deficiencies including vitamin D, C, and B9, contributing to osteoporosis, scurvy, and myelodysplasia respectively. Potential effects of not meeting these needs include significant weight loss or growth compromise, severe malnutrition, dependence on nutritional supplementation, and/or marked interference with psychosocial functioning. It then considers how genetic research is well positioned to address some of these issues, including a discussion of the genetic findings from related conditions, the impact of genetic research on our conceptualisation of ARFID, and proposes an established framework of consortium science to advance the field.ĪRFID is defined as an eating or feeding disturbance, manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs. This narrative review briefly summarises pertinent literature on ARFID, in the context of considering it to be a complex disorder with likely but yet unclear genetic underpinnings, and highlights knowledge gaps and methodological considerations. As it has only been included as an eating disorder in DSM-5, it is relatively under-researched and there is much that is unknown about this condition. A large genome-wide association study (GWAS) is recommended as the first step to addressing some of the fundamental biological questions around ARFID and will lay the framework for development of interventions and treatments that target ARFID at a biological level.Īvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a potentially severe and debilitating eating disorder, where individuals limit food intake for reasons unrelated to the weight and body image concerns observed in anorexia nervosa. This narrative review describes current knowledge about the clinical characteristics of ARFID and highlights current knowledge gaps, setting the scene for a discussion of how existing research findings about the genetics of related conditions might help guide genetic research about ARFID. Although genetics is known to play a significant role in other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, only one study has investigated the genetic background of ARFID, and this was limited to those with ARFID within an autism cohort. An argument for a collaborative approach to recruit ARFID participants for genome-wide association study is presented, as understanding the underlying genomic architecture of ARFID will be a key step in clarifying the biological mechanisms involved, and the development of interventions and treatments for this serious, and often debilitating disorder.Īvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) can be a severe and debilitating eating disorder, where individuals limit food intake for reasons unrelated to the weight and body image concerns observed in anorexia nervosa. In the absence of large ARFID GWAS, we consider genetic research on related conditions to point to possible features or mechanisms relevant to future ARFID investigations, and discuss the theoretical and clinical implications an ARFID GWAS. This narrative review considers the current literature on the diagnosis, presentation, and course of ARFID, including evidence for different presentations, and identifies fundamental questions about how ARFID might fit into the fluid landscape of other eating and mental disorders. As with other eating disorders, it is expected that ARFID will have a significant genetic risk component however, sufficiently large-scale genetic investigations are yet to be performed in this group of patients. Unlike anorexia nervosa, ARFID is characterised by avoidant or restricted food intake that is not driven by weight or body shape-related concerns. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) was introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
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